INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN SCIENCES AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDIES (IJMSMS)
The International Journal of Modern Sciences and Multidisciplinary Studies (IJMSMS) is dedicated to publishing original and cutting-edge research in various domains, encompassing modern sciences, multidisciplinary studies, and fields related to agriculture. The journal actively encourages the submission of manuscripts that adhere to high standards of significance and scientific excellence. Upon acceptance, papers will be promptly published in the upcoming issue of the current year.
EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF ACCREDITATION POLICY FOR DEVELOPING THE QUALITY OF BUSINESS SCHOOLS IN PAKISTAN: A CASE STUDY OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE BUSINESS SCHOOLS OF SINDH
Accreditation stands firm today as the most paramount pillar for quality assurance in higher education globally: it seeks to ensure compliance with internationally acceptable standards and hence nurturing conformance and improvement in those institutions. In Pakistan, the HEC and its NBEAC have introduced policies for standardization and improvement of business education. This study sets out to investigate the effects of the accreditation policy on the quality development of business schools in Sindh, embracing both public and private domains. Using the case research paradigm and a mix of primary and secondary data, the study establishes the influence of accreditation on governance, curriculum, quality of faculty, research productivity, and employability of graduates. Findings depict that while the private sector takes the utmost advantage of its accreditation for reputation enhancement along with better stakeholder participation and globalization, the public sector is hampered by bureaucratic constraints, inadequate funding, and ineffective faculty development systems. Accreditation, however, did ensure a degree of accountability, bringing the curriculum somewhat closer to industry needs and access to research funding in both private and public sectors. The study speaks of unequal implementation of accreditation frameworks and reveals challenges such as compliance-oriented mentalities, a lack of resources, and disengagement of stakeholders. With sustained policy enforcement, capacity building, and enhanced engagement of stakeholders, it is argued, accreditation could be a catalyst for changing business education in Sindh. This study situates Pakistan's experiences and contexts within the global setting of relevance to accreditation, thus contributing to the theoretical and policy consideration of quality assurance in higher education, and gives policy recommendations for accreditation strengthening in its role as a tool for sustainable institutional development.
Accreditation Policy, Higher Education, Business Schools, NBEAC, Quality Assurance, Public and Private Universities, Sindh, Pakistan
Prof. Dr. (Rert) Muhammad Saleem Rahpoto
Copyright (c) 2024 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN SCIENCES AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDIES (IJMSMS)
ASSESSMENT OF THE READINESS OF THE PATIENTS WHO DISCHARGE AFTER MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AT PUBLIC SECTOR HOSPITAL PESHAWAR, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA(KPK). A QUANTITATIVE STUDY
The study assessed the patient's readiness for discharge to facilitate an uneventful shift from the hospital to home. Patient perspectives play a key role in the discharge process. since post-discharge self-care is important to prevent readmissions, emphasizing the need for supporting measures to reduce healthcare costs and reduce patient risks. Patient readiness for discharge is critical and it is not generally assessed in Pakistan. Since high prevalence of Myocardial Infarction (MI) in Pakistan highlights the need for assessing the discharge readiness. The study assessed discharge readiness and its linked factors in MI patients in a public sector hospital in Peshawar and explored demographic impact on readiness. The study employed a quantitative cross-sectional analytical approach, enrolling 360 post-MI patients using non-probability convenient sampling at a public sector hospital in Peshawar. The readiness for Hospital Discharge after the Myocardial Infarction Scale (RHD-MIS) was used to evaluate patient's readiness for hospital discharge after MI. The study, using descriptive and Chi square analysis, found that majority of the participants (49%, n=176) had medium readiness, (19%, n=68) had poor readiness, and (32%, n=116) had high readiness for discharge. Patients over 50 years of age with better socioeconomic backgrounds, living in a relationship with a history of previous cardiac diagnosis, comorbidity, and treatment were more ready for discharge. The study recommends that assessment of discharge readiness should be a component of the discharge process at the hospital setting. Discharge education must begin prior to discharge decision, with regular lessons taught on daily basis. This strategy could lead the way for the development of a new position for an Advanced Practitioner Nurse (APN) who specializes in the discharge process. Future research can include longitudinal studies that correlate discharge readiness to readmission rates, following the assessment of the efficacy of discharge strategies over time in both private and public hospitals.
EFFECTS OF POTASSIUM APPLICATION RATE ON GRAIN YIELD OF WINTER WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) ASSOCIATED WITH AGRONOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The present study was conducted at the Research Farm, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan to observe the effect of different potassium (K2O) levels on wheat productivity. Wheat variety Fakhre NIPA 2023 was tested for different potassium (K2O) levels of 0, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 kg ha-1. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Statistical analysis of the data showed a significant (P≤0.05) effect of different potassium (K2O) levels on emergence m-2, tillers m-2, 1000 grains weight (g) and grain yield (kg ha-1) while a non-significant (P>0.05) effect on leaf area (cm2), plant height (cm), spike length (cm) and grains spike-1. The data revealed the highest Emergence m-2 (42.99), leaves plant-1 (5.43) for potassium (K2O) level of 80 kg ha-1. The results further indicated highest leaf area (32.53 cm2) for plots treated with potassium (K2O) level of 70 kg ha-1. Similarly maximum, spike length (10.24 cm), 1000 grains weight (35.36g), grains spike-1 (43.63) and grain yield (5168 kg ha-1) were recorded for plots applied with potassium (K2O) at the rate of 90 kg ha-1. The maximum Tillers m-2 (186.55 m-2) were noted for potassium (K2O) level of 70 kg ha-1. It was concluded that potassium (K2O) level of 90 kg ha-1 resulted in maximum growth and yield components than all other treatments under study.
The Effect of Post-Growth Annealing on the Physical Properties of Fe-Doped ZnO Nanostructure
The synthesis of nanostructure materials for optoelectronic and photonic devices is often scrutinized. Due to its reasonable and environmentally benign nature, ZnO, a semiconductor, is well regarded for its potential to develop photonic devices. In this respect, low-temperature aqueous chemical growth is used to create ZnO nanostructures doped with Fe. The temperature-dependent change in the Fe-doped ZnO nanostructure was seen in the XRD spectra at larger angles (200°C, 400°C, 600°C). It was shown that the crystalline size of as-grown Fe-doped ZnO nanostructures grows in correlation with a reduction in the d-spacing value. Furthermore, U-V visible spectroscopy measurements are conducted for all the synthesized samples. It is also observed from the U-V visible spectroscopy measurements that the energy band gap of the Fe-doped ZnO decreases by increasing the Fe concentration. We investigate the influence of post-growth annealing on the energy gap of the sample with 5% Fe content and find that increasing the temperature reduces the energy gap. The SEM results revealed that hexagonal rods like nanostructure are successfully synthesized for pure ZnO whereas no morphological change occurred for Fe doped ZnO. Moreover, the destroyed surface after annealing was identified inside the SEM particles. This research will help to develop LEDs due to decrease in band gap.
EFFECT OF FARMYARD MANURE AND NPK ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) CROP
The present research was carried out to examine the effect of Farmyard Manure and NPK on the growth and yield of Maize (Zea mays L.) crop. The experimental trial was layedout at the Students’ Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam. The experiment was layedout with three replications, in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), Experimental area Net plot size 4 m x 5 m (20 m2). For this experiment Akbar variety was used and treatment combinations viz: T1 = Control, T2 = 20-30-30 NPK kg ha-1 + 10 (FYM) tons ha-1, T3 = 30-40-35 NPK kg ha-1 + 15 (FYM) tons ha-1, T4 = 40-50-40 NPK kg ha-1 + 20 (FYM) tons ha-1 and T5 = 50-60-45 NPK kg ha-1 + 25 (FYM) tons ha-1. The maximum result was recorded in T5 = 50-60-45 NPK kg ha-1 + 25 (FYM) tons ha-1 in seed germination (18.66%), plant height (188.2cm), number of green leaves plant-1 (18.33), Number of internodes plant-1 (22.33), Cob Length (25.4cm), Grains Cob-1 (383.6), Seed index 1000 grain weight (191.47g) and seed yield (7466.7 kg ha-1). Followed by T4 = 40-50-40 NPK kg ha-1 + 20 (FYM) tons ha-1. Seed germination (16.66%), plant height (182.07cm), number of green leaves plant-1 (15.33), number of internodes plant-1 (18.33), Cob Length (23.4cm), Grains Cob-1(348.13), Seed Index 1000 grain weight (181.77g) and Seed Yield (6666.7 kg ha-1). And the minimum result was recorded in T1 = Control seed germination (8%), plant height (133.73cm), number of green leaves plant-1 (8.33), Number of internodes plant-1 (8.33), Cob Length (14.36cm), Grains Cob-1 (198.53), Seed Index 1000 grain weight (132.73g) and Seed Yield (3766.7 kg ha-1). It is concluded from the present study that the maize treated with 50-60-45 NPK kg ha-1 + 25 (FYM) tons ha-1 was found to be the best treatment as compared to other treatments 40-50-40 NPK kg ha-1 + 20 (FYM) tons ha-1. From the present study it was recommended that 50-60-45 NPK kg ha-1 + 25 (FYM) tons ha-1 was found to be the best treatment.
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF MOSQUITO LARVAE OCCUR IN STAGNANT WATER OF TALUKA KHAIRPUR NATHAN SHAH DISTRICT DADU SINDH, PAKISTAN.
A Study was carried out to assess the population dynamic of mosquitoes in the water bodies of the Taluka Khairpur Nathan Shah of District Dadu Sindh Pakistan. The five selected stations were monitored monthly. This study recorded 6119 mosquito larvae. They recorded the highest in April, May, August, September, and October and the lowest in January and July. The data were sorted and identified into genera Anopheles and Culex.
Copyright (c) 2025 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN SCIENCES AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDIES (IJMSMS)
CYBER SECURITY: RECENT CYBER-ATTACKS AS A CHALLENGE TO NATIONAL ECONOMIC SECURITY
Right now, a large portion of the financial, business, social, and governmental activities, and cooperation of nations at all levels, including people, NGOs, and government establishments, are carried out in cyberspace. As of late, numerous privately owned businesses and government Associations throughout the planet are dealing with the issue of cyberattacks and the danger of remote correspondence innovations. Today it relies to a great extent upon the world. in some different cases, cyberattacks can have military establishment or diplomatic purposes. A portion of the harms incorporates P.C. infections, information splits, Data Distribution Systems (D.D.S), and other attack vectors. To this end, several Associations utilize numerous answers to forestall harm. brought about by digital attacks. Online protection follows ongoing data about the most recent IT information. Up until now, specialists throughout the planet have proposed different strategies to forestall cyberattacks or decrease the harm they cause. A portion of the techniques are in the careful stage, while others are in the review stage. The target of this review is to completely look at and audit the standard administrations introduced in the field of network safety and inspect the difficulties, shortcomings, and qualities of the proposed techniques. Different sorts of new attacks by relatives are examined exhaustively. Standard security structures are examined with the set of experiences and systems of original online protection. It additionally shows arising patterns and ongoing advancements in online protection and security dangers and difficulties. The thorough audit study is relied upon to be led for Itself and online protection specialists. will be valuable.
INFLUENCE OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP
The advanced transformation we are presently encountering has driven organizations to utilize the progressive plans of action of computerized stages. The development of the stage is driven by network impacts instead of the grouping of actual resources. An element of stages is that they can offer the client a new and alluring incentive. Stages are developing as clients combine around them and new connections are framed. The quantity of stages is expanding, and they are devastatingly affecting an ever-increasing number of enterprises. In this present circumstance, conventional organizations are in danger as stages advance quickly and catch huge pieces of the pie. The article resolves issues connected with the instrument of activity of computerized stages, their disparities with conventional plans of action, and the bearing of the change of organizations as they move from a customary plan of action to a computerized stage model. Currently, ways to deal with concentrating on plans of action in light of conventional organization hypothesis are broad in the Russian market. Osterwalder and Pigne (2012) see the organization's plan of action as a design that mirrors the development of an incentive, how it is conveyed to the client, the important assets, and the adaptation system. Simultaneously, the action of computerized stages depends on hypothetical standards other than those by and large acknowledged. For the exploration, the creators utilized strategies for methodical investigation, respective market hypothesis, business financial aspects, administration, and hierarchical conduct hypothesis (Coase 2001; Samuelson 2015; Mintzberg 2019). The aftereffects of our review propose that a fascinating inquiry generally emerges: Why do organizations like Apple, Amazon, Android, and Alibaba make remarkable progress on the lookout? Our solution to this is that this is chiefly because their exercises depend on the plan of action of a computerized stage. The creators thank the scientists who examined the qualities of this plan of action and distributed fascinating, and inside and out materials. Motivated by these materials, the creators chose to look at the experience acquired in how computerized plans of action work and recognize the principal headings of change during an organization's progress from a line plan of action to its advanced stage. Managers need to construct what is going on that empowers the formation of another plan of action and new pioneers. Major computerized stage organizations need to guarantee that their mid-level supervisors figure out the central system behind the advanced change and can decide. Our hypothetical commitment fits with the way that digitalization is by all accounts a successful and fundamental driver for the advancement of compelling authority as a close alliance. Qualitative examinations assist with understanding how things work, yet they don't give a total solution to investigate inquiries. It is hard, to sum up, the effect of computerized digitalization on administrators & workers meanwhile the circumstances could be dissimilar for different organizations. Its strengths have been fascinating in contrast to what is happening and the computerized influence on chiefs and workers in various portions of the business later on. Since this study is led under time limits, we can foster a succinct and brief detail, so future investigations ought to be directed to inspect a clearer and more compact portrayal of the picked subject.
CONSUMER’S BUYING ATTITUDE TOWARDS MADE-IN-PAKISTAN LABELED PRODUCTS
Pakistan is known for its products to be inferior to the foreign-made products. i.e., “Made-In-Pakistan” labeled products are considered to be inferior to foreign-origin labeled products by Pakistani consumers. However, consumer attitudes are about the emotions, beliefs, and intentions regarding consumer products. Some end users' perception builds after viewing the products. And once the purchaser knows about his necessities the subsequent stage in the choice cycle is to accumulate data on the products. Despite the existence of various studies, the role of COO (Country-Of-Origin) affects the consumer's attitude, behavior, beliefs remain unclear, as it is indicated that further studies need to be done. The objective of this research will be to understand how the buying attitude of consumers is shaped by the former consumer’s attitude towards “Made-In-Pakistan” labeled products and to know whether COO (Country of Origin i.e., “Made-In-Pakistan” labeled products) directly influences the buying attitude of the consumer. For the collection of data, a structured/closed-ended survey questionnaire (consisting of Likert scale questions) shall be generated on “Google Forms” for the ease of respondents to fill out their forms. For analyzing and interpreting the data, SPSS statistics is used. It is shown that there is no significant relationship between the COO effect (i.e., “Made-In-Pakistan” labeled products) and the buying attitude of the customer. It was also shown that there was no significant relationship between the formed attitude of customers towards the buying attitude of the customer with the mediation of the COO (i.e., “Made-In-Pakistan” labeled products). However, there was a direct significant relationship between some of the formed attitudes (i.e., Willingness and Readiness) towards the Buying attitude of the customer. The hypothesis in this research article was proposed due to the awareness of the high impact of COO (Country-of-Origin) effect on the buying attitude of Pakistani consumers This research study focused on a few variables of Consumer’s attitude construct i.e., Readiness, willingness, and Perception. According to several studies, it is shown that there is less or no significant relationship between COO towards forming and shaping the overall buying attitude of the consumer even as a mediating factor. So, this research implies marketers construct the image and start focusing on the Pakistani labeled products and the improvement of the balance of the economy by promoting more exports and low imports.
IMPACT OF REWARDS ON JOB SATISFACTION OF EMPLOYEES
As there are severe changes that are taking place in the rapidly growing organizations, so now the companies are focusing more on the concept of employee satisfaction and employee retention to maximize the profit hence boosting the wellbeing of the employees. To attain these objectives, organizations are seeking multiple methods and techniques. Among these methods and techniques, rewards play an important role. This research aims to study the concept of rewards from the perspective of employees and to investigate how it impacts employee satisfaction. For this research, a survey was conducted among people belonging to different organizations in Karachi, and around 100 employees were asked to fill out the research questionnaire. After data collection, the data was entered into SPSS software and multiple tests were done to analyze the data. The findings of this research were that rewards have a significant positive impact on the job satisfaction of employees. Organizations that desire to give competition to the rapid growing pace of business, should implement the concept of rewarding employees in terms of promotions, benefits, and pay as it will lead to boost their productivity and will help them to grow in the business.
EXPLORING PERCEPTIONS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE DIGITAL MARKETING SPHERE: AN INVESTIGATIVE STUDY
This study explores women's entrepreneurship in the context of economic empowerment and societal elevation, acknowledging the substantial impact of women entrepreneurs across diverse economic segments. Despite existing initiatives in developing countries, a gender disparity persists, with women showing reluctance to initiate businesses compared to men. Contributing factors include limited educational opportunities, societal constraints, and economic dependency. However, a shift is noted as young girls, influenced by work experience, education, and urbanization, increasingly participate in employment. In the contemporary digital environment, understanding the opportunities facilitating women's entrepreneurship and developing strategies for encouragement and success becomes crucial in this era of societal evolution.
SUSTAINABLE HORIZONS: QUALITATIVE INSIGHTS ON SDG-DRIVEN QUALITY EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN'S HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION (HEIS)
This study explores the implementation of the United Nations' fourth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG), which centers on the quality of education within Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) for the 2030 agenda. Aligned with the guiding principles of the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan, the research underscores the imperative of ensuring the sustainable delivery of quality education to future generations. Employing a qualitative approach, Senior Faculty Members and Experts underwent interviews using an open-ended protocol to elucidate measures taken for sustainability. Thematic analysis uncovered a readiness among Senior Faculty Members and Experts to implement SDGs at the university level, despite recognizing challenges such as resource limitations and the need for additional specialized.
Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan
INVESTIGATING DETERMINANTS OF CUSTOMER RETENTION IN ISLAMIC BANKING: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION IN THE PAKISTANI PARADIGM
This scholarly investigation delves into the influences that change customer retention in the Islamic banking sector in Pakistan. Utilizing data from a survey of respondents across five Islamic banks, the study employs multiple regression analysis through SPSS for data analysis. The findings highlight the positive effect of service characteristics, trust, and religiosity on consumer retention while revealing a counterintuitive negative influence on brand image. The study suggests that Islamic financial institutions should prioritize enhancing service quality and trust to attract and retain customers. This research stands out for its comprehensive exploration of diverse factors shaping the intentions of Islamic banking customers in Pakistan.
EXAMINING THE PARADIGM OF CULTURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: AN IN-DEPTH LITERATURE REVIEW
This scholarly inquiry delves into an exhaustive examination of literature related to entrepreneurship in cultural and creative domains. The study underscores the growing significance of cultural entrepreneurs in contemporary contexts, adept at addressing market demands, filling commercial gaps, and contributing to regional revitalization. Cultural entrepreneurship is defined as a process leveraging cultural elements to achieve entrepreneurial goals while enhancing the broader cultural landscape for regional socioeconomic growth. The paper explores various cultural mediums, such as art, handicrafts, language, and literature. The importance of networking and relationship-building emerges as central for cultural entrepreneurs, although the study cautions that overcoming challenges can be resource-intensive, particularly in acquiring social capital. The research highlights the nuanced point that increased efforts in relationship-building may not always guarantee success and can sometimes be counterproductive. Moreover, the research underscores the essential importance of establishing efficient communication pathways between government departments to ensure the prosperous execution of cultural entrepreneurship initiatives.
FACTORS DISTURBING STOCK WORTH VARIABILITY OF THE CEMENT SECTOR OF PAKISTAN
This examination looks at the reasonable connection between stock cost and company essentials in the Pakistan Stock Trade. The motivation behind this proposition is to look at the elements impacting the unpredictability of concrete area stock costs in Pakistan. Ten organizations in the concrete area of the Pakistan Stock Trade utilized the board examination approach for the period from January 2016 to December 2020 to accomplish a specialist evaluation of the variables and affirm the dependability of the connection between the offer cost movement and the organizations' premise to decide the motivation behind the review. We assessed the fixed-impact model and the irregular impacts model. In this exploration paper, ROA (return on resources), ROE (return on value), EPS (profit per offer), and DPS (profit per share) are referenced as illustrative factors, and stock costs as made sense of factors. The connection between the not set in stone by relationship, and the adjustment of the made sense of variable because of the logical variable is enlightened by relapse examination. The end gives a drive for the deviation of 71.3% in the pronounced variable to be made sense of by ROE, ROA, EPS, and DPS. This exploration shows that the profit from value is negative and it does not merit deciding the offer cost in the concrete area, while simultaneously the profit from resources, income per offer, and profit per share are positive and huge elements for the offer cost of the concrete fragment, it likewise shows that the example is critical over a wide reach and a determination study will be done, to make a gauge or utilize an irregular grouping model or other fixed outcome, and from that point, the arbitrary result model is fitting in the concrete portion of the Pakistan Stock Trade. The finish of this report gives preparation to financial backers in various stocks, while likewise pursuing choices they need to make in an organization data conversation, organizations know how to set their strategies and how to address a few fundamental factors that have been produced for the economic endurance and progress of an organization.
A PAINTER AS A LEADING ARTIST, AND RESEARCHER OF INDUS CULTURE DEPICTION IN HIS IDENTITY WORK AND CULTURE: IN-PERSON BIOGRAPHY OF RURAL/URBAN REGION OF SINDH PROVINCE.
This study is completed to gather crafted by the craftsman who went to the territory of Sindh, Race Ali Memon, numerous specialists brought into the world on the dirt of Sindh, however, their work is not dissected and assessed, this examination is done to gather the profile of the craftsman and gather the craftsman's fine arts. Moreover, things of beauty are talked about. Everybody contributes deliberately or unknowingly to the groundwork of our homegrown culture. Culture includes all that shapes our internal human connections, at this very moment. One component of our way of life is what we call artisanship. All are associated with forming society, some decide to become craftsmen and produce artisanship. What is the significance here of seeing the world, to see schooling and exploration through a craftsman's eye? The errands I have been blamed for in the field of creative exploration come from my experience as a craftsman and specialist, and from my experience as an understudy in the workmanship and plan division at the College of Sing. I am composing this M.Phil work according to a craftsman's perspective. It is composed of us all who participate in workmanship, plan, and examination, for the people who see the need to make circumstances and logical results as well as control and power justifiable with regards to imaginative practice and creation. I expound on craftsmen inside the foundation and those beyond science who need to move toward it with interest, for everyone of who's employs the advancement of creative examination and painting. Assuming craftsmen as analysts find out about what impacts the circumstances that give us space to make what we need, we can stretch and eliminate limits, use opposition and balance helpfully, and reinforce open doors for collaboration. We want to recognize one another, as well as the framework in which we have a place, and we want to reclassify our jobs inside the ordered progressions of the force that oversees them. In this exploration paper, I expound on Mr. Raza Ali Memon's model for creative examination, and painting, and how it includes faith in workmanship and the significance of artisanship for progress in the public arena and culture. I expound on artisanship, examination, and power. I expound on you, understudy, Contender for Expert of Reasoning, specialist, and any other person who needs to find out about creative exploration according to the perspective of a craftsman. I likewise expound on the way that the circumstances in Sindh territory are different from those of numerous different areas in the country. This was accomplished through an imaginative outlook and other devoted allies who worked decisively over a significant period to account for acknowledgment of the craftsman, a craftsman as a specialist. There is an improvement in techniques, practices, and hypotheses that have been imparted to partners, through introductions and scattering in different gatherings.